Development
Fullstack Developer The definitive guide for full-stack engineers, covering Frontend (React, Next.js, TypeScript), Backend (Node.js, Express), Databases (SQL/NoSQL), System Design, and DevOps.
460 questions Updated 2026-02-05 Beginner Intermediate Advanced
What you will be asked about JavaScript Fundamentals Advanced JavaScript TypeScript React.js React Advanced Node.js & Express Databases - SQL Databases - NoSQL & MongoDB Authentication & Security Deployment & DevOps Testing Performance Optimization WebSockets & Real-time Microservices & System Design Real-World Scenario Questions Company-Specific: Google Company-Specific: Meta Company-Specific: Amazon Company-Specific: Netflix Company-Specific: Uber Company-Specific: Airbnb Company-Specific: Twitter Company-Specific: Spotify Company-Specific: LinkedIn Company-Specific: Stripe Behavioral
How to prepare Go through the topic list above and mark every one you cannot explain for five minutes unprepared. Those are your gaps. Pair every concept with a story from your own work — interviewers probe depth, and depth comes from having actually done it. Do the DSA rounds anyway. Almost every role in this list still screens with coding. Prepare two projects you can whiteboard end to end, including what you would change now. Fullstack Developer interview questions460 1. What is the difference between var, let, and const? Beginner 2. Explain hoisting in JavaScript with examples. Beginner 3. What is the difference between == and === in JavaScript? Beginner 4. What are closures in JavaScript and why are they useful? Intermediate 5. Explain the concept of 'this' keyword in JavaScript. Intermediate 6. What is the difference between null and undefined? Beginner 7. What are arrow functions and how do they differ from regular functions? Beginner 8. What is the difference between function declaration and function expression? Beginner 9. Explain call, apply, and bind methods. Intermediate 10. What is the event loop in JavaScript? Advanced 11. What are promises in JavaScript? Intermediate 12. What is the difference between Promise.all() and Promise.race()? Intermediate 13. What is async/await and how does it work? Intermediate 14. What is callback hell and how do you avoid it? Intermediate 15. What are higher-order functions in JavaScript? Intermediate 16. Explain map, filter, and reduce with examples. Intermediate 17. What is the difference between slice() and splice()? Beginner 18. What is destructuring in JavaScript? Beginner 19. What are template literals in JavaScript? Beginner 20. What is the spread operator and rest parameters? Beginner 21. What is the difference between shallow copy and deep copy? Intermediate 22. How do you clone an object in JavaScript? Intermediate 23. What is prototypal inheritance in JavaScript? Intermediate 24. What is the prototype chain? Intermediate 25. What are JavaScript classes and how do they work? Intermediate 26. What is the difference between classical and prototypal inheritance? Advanced 27. What are JavaScript modules (import/export)? Beginner 28. What is the difference between CommonJS and ES6 modules? Intermediate 29. What is event bubbling and event capturing? Intermediate 30. How do you stop event propagation? Beginner 31. What is event delegation? Intermediate 32. What are Web Workers in JavaScript? Advanced 33. What is the difference between localStorage and sessionStorage? Beginner 34. What are cookies and how do they differ from storage APIs? Intermediate 35. What is CORS (Cross-Origin Resource Sharing)? Advanced 36. How do you handle errors in JavaScript? Beginner 37. What is try-catch-finally block? Beginner 38. What are custom errors in JavaScript? Intermediate 39. What is strict mode in JavaScript? Beginner 40. What are generator functions in JavaScript? Advanced 41. What is debouncing and throttling? Advanced 42. How do you implement debouncing in JavaScript? Advanced 43. What is memoization and how do you implement it? Advanced 44. What are WeakMap and WeakSet? Advanced 45. What is the difference between Map and Object? Intermediate 46. What are Symbols in JavaScript? Advanced 47. What are iterators and iterables? Advanced 48. What is the for...of loop vs for...in loop? Beginner 49. What is currying in JavaScript? Advanced 50. What is function composition? Advanced 51. What are pure functions? Intermediate 52. What is immutability and why is it important? Intermediate 53. What is the difference between synchronous and asynchronous code? Beginner 54. What are microtasks and macrotasks? Advanced 55. What is the JavaScript runtime environment? Advanced 56. What is garbage collection in JavaScript? Advanced 57. What are memory leaks and how do you prevent them? Advanced 58. What is the difference between shallow and deep comparison? Intermediate 59. How do you implement a custom Promise? Advanced 60. What is Proxy in JavaScript? Advanced 61. What is TypeScript and why should you use it? Beginner 62. What are the benefits of using TypeScript over JavaScript? Beginner 63. What are types in TypeScript? Beginner 64. What is the difference between type and interface? Intermediate 65. What are union types and intersection types? Intermediate 66. What are generics in TypeScript? Intermediate 67. What is type inference in TypeScript? Beginner 68. What are type guards in TypeScript? Intermediate 69. What is the 'any' type and why should you avoid it? Beginner 70. What is the 'unknown' type vs 'any' type? Intermediate 71. What are enums in TypeScript? Beginner 72. What are tuple types in TypeScript? Beginner 73. What is the 'never' type in TypeScript? Advanced 74. What are optional properties in TypeScript? Beginner 75. What is the 'readonly' modifier? Beginner 76. What are access modifiers (public, private, protected)? Intermediate 77. What are abstract classes in TypeScript? Intermediate 78. What is type assertion in TypeScript? Intermediate 79. What are utility types (Partial, Pick, Omit, etc.)? Intermediate 80. How do you handle null and undefined in TypeScript? Intermediate 81. What is React and why is it popular? Beginner 82. What are React components? Beginner 83. What is the difference between functional and class components? Beginner 84. What are React Hooks? Beginner 85. What is useState hook and how do you use it? Beginner 86. What is useEffect hook and when is it called? Beginner 87. What is the dependency array in useEffect? Beginner 88. What is the difference between useEffect and useLayoutEffect? Advanced 89. What is useContext hook? Intermediate 90. What is useReducer and when should you use it? Intermediate 91. What is the difference between useState and useReducer? Intermediate 92. What is useMemo and when should you use it? Intermediate 93. What is useCallback and how does it differ from useMemo? Intermediate 94. What is useRef hook used for? Beginner 95. What are custom hooks in React? Intermediate 96. What is the Virtual DOM in React? Intermediate 97. How does React reconciliation work? Advanced 98. What is JSX in React? Beginner 99. What are props in React? Beginner 100. What is prop drilling and how do you avoid it? Intermediate 101. What is the Context API in React? Intermediate 102. What is Redux and why is it used? Intermediate 103. What are Redux actions, reducers, and store? Intermediate 104. What is the difference between Redux and Context API? Intermediate 105. What is Redux Toolkit? Intermediate 106. What are Redux middleware (thunk, saga)? Advanced 107. What is the difference between Redux Thunk and Redux Saga? Advanced 108. What is component lifecycle in React? Intermediate 109. What are lifecycle methods in class components? Intermediate 110. How do you handle forms in React? Beginner 111. What is controlled vs uncontrolled components? Intermediate 112. What is React Router and how does it work? Beginner 113. What is the difference between Link and NavLink in React Router? Beginner 114. How do you implement protected routes in React? Intermediate 115. What is lazy loading in React? Intermediate 116. What is code splitting in React? Intermediate 117. What is React.memo() and when should you use it? Intermediate 118. What is PureComponent in React? Intermediate 119. What are React Fragments? Beginner 120. What is the key prop in React lists and why is it important? Intermediate 121. What is Server-Side Rendering (SSR) in React? Advanced 122. What is Next.js and its benefits? Intermediate 123. What is Static Site Generation (SSG) vs Server-Side Rendering? Intermediate 124. What is Incremental Static Regeneration (ISR)? Advanced 125. What are React Portals? Advanced 126. What are Error Boundaries in React? Advanced 127. What is Suspense in React? Intermediate 128. What is React Concurrent Mode? Advanced 129. What are Higher-Order Components (HOC)? Advanced 130. What are Render Props in React? Advanced 131. What is the Compound Component pattern? Advanced 132. What is React Testing Library? Intermediate 133. How do you test React components? Intermediate 134. What is snapshot testing in React? Intermediate 135. What is the difference between shallow and mount in Enzyme? Advanced 136. How do you optimize React performance? Advanced 137. What causes re-renders in React? Beginner 138. How do you prevent unnecessary re-renders? Intermediate 139. What is React Profiler? Advanced 140. What is the difference between useEffect cleanup and componentWillUnmount? Intermediate 141. What is Node.js and why is it used for backend? Beginner 142. What is the event-driven architecture in Node.js? Intermediate 143. What is non-blocking I/O in Node.js? Intermediate 144. What is the difference between Node.js and browser JavaScript? Beginner 145. What is the Node.js event loop? Advanced 146. What are streams in Node.js? Intermediate 147. What is the difference between readable and writable streams? Intermediate 148. What is the Buffer in Node.js? Advanced 149. What is the difference between process.nextTick() and setImmediate()? Advanced 150. What is clustering in Node.js? Advanced 151. What is the child_process module? Advanced 152. What is Express.js? Beginner 153. What is middleware in Express? Beginner 154. What are the types of middleware in Express? Intermediate 155. What is the difference between app.use() and app.get()? Beginner 156. How do you handle errors in Express? Intermediate 157. What is body-parser middleware? Beginner 158. What is CORS middleware and why is it needed? Intermediate 159. What is helmet middleware for security? Intermediate 160. How do you serve static files in Express? Beginner 161. What is routing in Express? Beginner 162. What are route parameters and query parameters? Beginner 163. How do you handle file uploads in Node.js? Intermediate 164. What is Multer middleware? Intermediate 165. How do you implement authentication in Express? Intermediate 166. What is JWT (JSON Web Token)? Intermediate 167. What is the difference between session-based and token-based authentication? Intermediate 168. How do you implement refresh tokens? Advanced 169. What is bcrypt and why is it used? Intermediate 170. How do you hash passwords in Node.js? Intermediate 171. What is the crypto module in Node.js? Advanced 172. What is environment variable management (.env file)? Beginner 173. What is dotenv package? Beginner 174. How do you handle asynchronous operations in Node.js? Beginner 175. What is the difference between callbacks and promises in Node.js? Beginner 176. What is async/await in Node.js? Beginner 177. How do you prevent callback hell in Node.js? Intermediate 178. What is npm and yarn? Beginner 179. What is the difference between npm and yarn? Beginner 180. What is package.json and package-lock.json? Beginner 181. What is a relational database? Beginner 182. What is SQL and its types (DDL, DML, DCL, TCL)? Intermediate 183. What is the difference between SQL and NoSQL databases? Beginner 184. What are primary keys and foreign keys? Beginner 185. What is normalization in databases? Intermediate 186. What are the normal forms (1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF)? Advanced 187. What is denormalization and when should you use it? Advanced 188. What is an index in a database? Intermediate 189. What are the types of indexes? Advanced 190. What is the difference between clustered and non-clustered indexes? Advanced 191. What are database constraints (NOT NULL, UNIQUE, CHECK)? Beginner 192. What is the difference between DELETE, TRUNCATE, and DROP? Intermediate 193. What are SQL JOINs and their types? Intermediate 194. What is the difference between INNER JOIN and OUTER JOIN? Intermediate 195. What is a LEFT JOIN vs RIGHT JOIN? Beginner 196. What is a CROSS JOIN? Intermediate 197. What is a self-join? Intermediate 198. What are subqueries in SQL? Intermediate 199. What is the difference between WHERE and HAVING clause? Intermediate 200. What are aggregate functions (COUNT, SUM, AVG, MIN, MAX)? Beginner 201. What is GROUP BY clause? Beginner 202. What is the ORDER BY clause? Beginner 203. What are window functions in SQL? Advanced 204. What is the difference between UNION and UNION ALL? Intermediate 205. What are views in SQL? Intermediate 206. What is a stored procedure? Intermediate 207. What is the difference between stored procedure and function? Advanced 208. What are triggers in databases? Advanced 209. What is a database transaction? Intermediate 210. What are ACID properties in databases? Intermediate 211. What is the difference between COMMIT and ROLLBACK? Beginner 212. What is database locking? Advanced 213. What are deadlocks and how do you prevent them? Advanced 214. What is connection pooling in databases? Intermediate 215. What is PostgreSQL and how does it differ from MySQL? Intermediate 216. What are the advantages of PostgreSQL over MySQL? Intermediate 217. What is the difference between VARCHAR and TEXT? Beginner 218. What is EXPLAIN in SQL query optimization? Advanced 219. How do you optimize slow SQL queries? Advanced 220. What is database replication? Advanced 221. What is MongoDB and why is it used? Beginner 222. What is a document in MongoDB? Beginner 223. What is a collection in MongoDB? Beginner 224. What is the difference between SQL and MongoDB queries? Intermediate 225. What is the _id field in MongoDB? Beginner 226. What are MongoDB operators ($gt, $lt, $in, etc.)? Intermediate 227. What is the aggregation pipeline in MongoDB? Advanced 228. What are the stages in MongoDB aggregation? Advanced 229. What is indexing in MongoDB? Intermediate 230. What are the types of indexes in MongoDB? Advanced 231. What is sharding in MongoDB? Advanced 232. What is replication in MongoDB? Intermediate 233. What is a replica set in MongoDB? Intermediate 234. What is the difference between embedding and referencing in MongoDB? Intermediate 235. When should you embed vs reference documents? Advanced 236. What is Mongoose in Node.js? Beginner 237. What are Mongoose schemas and models? Beginner 238. What are Mongoose middleware (pre and post hooks)? Intermediate 239. What is population in Mongoose? Intermediate 240. What are Mongoose virtuals? Intermediate 241. How do you perform validation in Mongoose? Intermediate 242. What is the difference between findOne() and find()? Beginner 243. What is the difference between updateOne() and findOneAndUpdate()? Intermediate 244. What are MongoDB transactions? Advanced 245. What is Redis and when should you use it? Intermediate 246. What is the difference between Redis and MongoDB? Intermediate 247. What are Redis data structures? Advanced 248. What is caching and how does Redis help? Intermediate 249. What is Cassandra database? Advanced 250. What is DynamoDB? Intermediate 251. What is salt in password hashing? Intermediate 252. What is HTTPS and how does it work? Intermediate 253. What is SSL/TLS? Intermediate 254. What are SSL certificates? Beginner 255. What is Content Security Policy (CSP)? Advanced 256. What is helmet.js for Express security? Intermediate 257. What are secure HTTP headers? Intermediate 258. What is the Same-Origin Policy? Advanced 259. How do you store sensitive data securely? Intermediate 260. What is environment variable security? Beginner 261. What is CI/CD (Continuous Integration/Continuous Deployment)? Intermediate 262. What is Git and why is it important? Beginner 263. What is the difference between Git and GitHub? Beginner 264. What are Git branches? Beginner 265. What is the difference between merge and rebase? Intermediate 266. What is a pull request? Beginner 267. What is Git flow? Intermediate 268. What is Docker and why is it used? Intermediate 269. What is a Docker container? Intermediate 270. What is the difference between Docker image and container? Intermediate 271. What is Dockerfile? Intermediate 272. What is docker-compose? Intermediate 273. What is the difference between Docker and Virtual Machine? Advanced 274. What is Kubernetes? Advanced 275. What is a Kubernetes pod? Advanced 276. What is container orchestration? Advanced 277. What is AWS and its core services? Beginner 278. What is EC2 in AWS? Beginner 279. What is S3 in AWS? Beginner 280. What is AWS Lambda? Intermediate 281. What is serverless architecture? Intermediate 282. What are the benefits of serverless? Intermediate 283. What is Elastic Beanstalk? Intermediate 284. What is AWS RDS? Beginner 285. What is the difference between RDS and DynamoDB? Intermediate 286. What is CloudFront CDN? Intermediate 287. What is Nginx and why is it used? Intermediate 288. What is the difference between Nginx and Apache? Advanced 289. What is a reverse proxy? Intermediate 290. What is load balancing? Intermediate 291. What is unit testing? Beginner 292. What is integration testing? Intermediate 293. What is end-to-end (E2E) testing? Intermediate 294. What is the difference between unit and integration testing? Beginner 295. What is Test-Driven Development (TDD)? Intermediate 296. What is Jest testing framework? Beginner 297. How do you write unit tests in JavaScript? Beginner 298. What are test suites and test cases? Beginner 299. What is mocking in testing? Intermediate 300. What is the difference between mock, stub, and spy? Advanced 301. What is code coverage? Intermediate 302. What is a good code coverage percentage? Beginner 303. What is Mocha testing framework? Intermediate 304. What is Chai assertion library? Intermediate 305. What is Supertest for API testing? Intermediate 306. How do you test asynchronous code? Intermediate 307. What is snapshot testing? Intermediate 308. What is Cypress for E2E testing? Intermediate 309. What is Selenium? Intermediate 310. What is the difference between Cypress and Selenium? Advanced 311. What is lazy loading? Beginner 312. What is code splitting? Intermediate 313. What is tree shaking? Advanced 314. What is minification and uglification? Beginner 315. What is bundling in web development? Beginner 316. What is Webpack? Intermediate 317. What is the difference between Webpack and Vite? Intermediate 318. What is server-side rendering (SSR)? Intermediate 319. What is client-side rendering (CSR)? Intermediate 320. What is the difference between SSR and CSR? Advanced 321. What is hydration in SSR? Advanced 322. What is prefetching and preloading? Advanced 323. What is caching and its types? Intermediate 324. What is browser caching? Beginner 325. What are cache headers (Cache-Control, ETag)? Advanced 326. What is CDN (Content Delivery Network)? Beginner 327. What is image optimization? Beginner 328. What is WebP image format? Beginner 329. What is responsive images (srcset)? Intermediate 330. What is database query optimization? Intermediate 331. What is N+1 query problem? Advanced 332. How do you solve N+1 query problem? Advanced 333. What is pagination vs infinite scroll? Intermediate 334. What is database indexing for performance? Intermediate 335. What is connection pooling? Intermediate 336. What is API response caching? Intermediate 337. What is Redis for caching? Intermediate 338. What is memoization in frontend? Intermediate 339. What are Web Workers for performance? Advanced 340. What is throttling and debouncing for performance? Intermediate 341. What is WebSocket protocol? Intermediate 342. What is the difference between HTTP and WebSocket? Intermediate 343. What is Socket.io? Intermediate 344. How do you implement real-time chat using Socket.io? Intermediate 345. What are Socket.io rooms and namespaces? Advanced 346. What is the difference between polling and WebSockets? Intermediate 347. What is long polling? Advanced 348. What is Server-Sent Events (SSE)? Advanced 349. When should you use WebSocket vs SSE? Advanced 350. How do you handle WebSocket reconnection? Advanced 351. What is monolithic architecture? Beginner 352. What is microservices architecture? Intermediate 353. What are the advantages of microservices? Intermediate 354. What are the challenges of microservices? Advanced 355. What is service discovery in microservices? Advanced 356. What is API Gateway? Intermediate 357. What is message queue? Intermediate 358. What is RabbitMQ? Intermediate 359. What is Apache Kafka? Advanced 360. What is the difference between RabbitMQ and Kafka? Advanced 361. What is event-driven architecture? Advanced 362. What is CQRS (Command Query Responsibility Segregation)? Advanced 363. What is event sourcing? Advanced 364. What is database per service pattern? Advanced 365. What is distributed transactions? Advanced 366. What is the Saga pattern? Advanced 367. What is circuit breaker pattern? Advanced 368. What is service mesh? Advanced 369. What is Istio? Advanced 370. What is horizontal vs vertical scaling? Beginner 371. How would you design a URL shortener like bit.ly? Intermediate 372. How would you implement a rate limiter? Intermediate 373. How would you design a real-time notification system? Intermediate 374. How would you implement infinite scroll in a social media feed? Intermediate 375. How would you build a file upload system with progress tracking? Intermediate 376. How would you implement search functionality with autocomplete? Intermediate 377. How would you design a shopping cart system? Advanced 378. How would you implement a payment gateway integration? Advanced 379. How would you build a multi-tenant SaaS application? Advanced 380. How would you implement user roles and permissions? Intermediate 381. How would you design a content management system (CMS)? Intermediate 382. How would you implement a blog with comments system? Beginner 383. How would you build a real-time collaborative editor like Google Docs? Advanced 384. How would you implement email verification system? Intermediate 385. How would you design a video streaming platform? Advanced 386. How would you implement a recommendation engine? Advanced 387. How would you build a dashboard with real-time analytics? Advanced 388. How would you implement data export functionality (CSV, PDF)? Intermediate 389. How would you design a booking/reservation system? Advanced 390. How would you implement a queue system for background jobs? Intermediate 391. How would you handle large file uploads (>1GB)? Advanced 392. How would you implement a search feature with filters? Intermediate 393. How would you build an admin panel for managing users? Intermediate 394. How would you implement audit logging? Intermediate 395. How would you design a multi-language application? Intermediate 396. How would you implement data migration between databases? Advanced 397. How would you build a REST API with versioning? Beginner 398. How would you implement soft delete functionality? Intermediate 399. How would you handle timezone conversions in a global app? Intermediate 400. How would you implement a forgot password flow? Beginner 401. Design YouTube's video recommendation system Advanced 402. How would you scale Google Search to handle billions of queries? Advanced 403. Design Google Drive's file sharing architecture Advanced 404. Implement Google Docs real-time collaboration Advanced 405. Design Gmail's email filtering system Advanced 406. Design Facebook's newsfeed architecture Advanced 407. How would you implement Instagram's story feature? Intermediate 408. Design a distributed like/comment system Advanced 409. How would you scale Facebook Messenger? Advanced 410. Implement real-time notifications for millions of users Advanced 411. Design Amazon's product search and filtering Advanced 412. How would you implement Amazon's shopping cart? Intermediate 413. Design the order tracking system Intermediate 414. How would you implement Amazon's recommendation engine? Advanced 415. Design a scalable inventory management system Advanced 416. Design Netflix's video streaming architecture Advanced 417. How would you implement continue watching feature? Intermediate 418. Design a recommendation algorithm for movies Advanced 419. How would you handle video encoding for multiple devices? Advanced 420. Implement a distributed caching system for videos Advanced 421. Design Uber's ride matching system Advanced 422. How would you implement real-time driver location tracking? Advanced 423. Design surge pricing algorithm Advanced 424. How would you handle ride cancellations? Intermediate 425. Implement a trip fare calculation system Intermediate 426. Design Airbnb's search and booking system Advanced 427. How would you implement calendar availability? Intermediate 428. Design the review and rating system Beginner 429. How would you handle payment processing? Advanced 430. Implement a recommendation system for properties Advanced 431. Design Twitter's timeline architecture Advanced 432. How would you implement trending topics? Advanced 433. Design the tweet search functionality Advanced 434. How would you scale Twitter to handle millions of tweets? Advanced 435. Implement real-time follower count updates Intermediate 436. Design Spotify's music recommendation system Advanced 437. How would you implement playlist collaboration? Intermediate 438. Design offline music playback Intermediate 439. How would you handle music streaming with quality adjustment? Advanced 440. Implement a shuffle algorithm that feels random Advanced 441. Design LinkedIn's connection recommendation system Advanced 442. How would you implement job search with filters? Intermediate 443. Design the messaging system Intermediate 444. How would you calculate profile strength? Beginner 445. Implement a feed ranking algorithm Advanced 446. Design a payment processing system Advanced 447. How would you handle payment failures and retries? Intermediate 448. Design a subscription billing system Advanced 449. How would you implement refunds? Intermediate 450. Design a fraud detection system Advanced 451. Tell me about a challenging bug you fixed Beginner 452. How do you handle disagreements with team members? Beginner 453. Describe a time you had to learn a new technology quickly Beginner 454. How do you prioritize tasks when everything is urgent? Beginner 455. Tell me about a project you're most proud of Beginner 456. How do you stay updated with new technologies? Beginner 457. Describe a time you optimized application performance Intermediate 458. How do you handle technical debt? Intermediate 459. What's your approach to code reviews? Beginner 460. How do you ensure code quality in your projects? Beginner Related question banks5
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